GRE寫作Issue部分精品素材分享之全球化的范疇與指標
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全球化的范疇
Globalization can be found in five different areas: economic, cultural, political, religious, and social systems.
It should not be narrowly confused with economic globalization, which is only one aspect. While some scholars and observers of globalization stress convergence of patterns of production and consumption and a resulting homogenization of culture, power, stress, and hunger, others stress that globalization has the potential to take many diverse forms. In economics, globalization is the convergence of prices, products, wages, rates of interest and profits.
Globalization of the economy depends on the role of human migration, international trade, movement of capital, and integration of financial markets. The International Monetary Fund notes the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.
全球化的測量指標KOF
As globalization is not only an economic phenomenon, a multivariate approach to measuring
globalization is the recent index calculated by the Swiss Think tank KOF. The index measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political. In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, an overall index of globalization and sub-indices referring to actual economic flows, economic restrictions, data on personal contact, data on information flows, and data on cultural proximity is calculated. Data are available on a yearly basis for 122 countries. According to the index, the world?s most globalised country is Belgium, followed by Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The least globalised countries according to the KOF-index are Haiti, Myanmar the Central African Republic and Burundi. Other measures conceptualize Globalization as Diffusion and develop interactive procedure to capture the degree of its impact.
經濟全球化的四大衡量標準
Looking specifically at economic globalization, it can be measured in different ways. These centre around the four main economic flows that characterize globalization:
1. Goods and services, e.g. exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita of population.
2. Labor/people, e.g. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by population.
3. Capital, e.g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of population.
4. Technology, e.g. international research & development flows; proportion of populations (and rates of change thereof) using particular inventions (especially “factor-neutral” technological advances such as the telephone, motorcar, and broadband).
To what extent a nation-state or culture is globalised in a particular year has until most recently been measured employing simple proxies like flows of trade, migration, or foreign direct investment, as described above.
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