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發(fā)展批評論

Development criticism refers to far-reaching criticisms of modernization and its central aspects: modern technology, industrialization, capitalism and economic globalization. A closely related, overlapping concept is anti-modernism. Often development critics see modernization as harmful for both humans and the environment. Development-critical movements represent a wide range of critiques, including appeals to tradition, religion, spirituality, environmentalism, aesthetics, pacifism and agrarian virtues.

Environmental issues are important for development critics. Many of them first arrived at development-critical conclusions after recognizing modern society as a threat to the environment.

Happiness is another central theme of development-critical writings. Modern societies, despite their goal-oriented complexity and amount of labor time, do not help people to reach happiness, according to some development critics. In their view, happiness may be harder to reach in modern society than in primitive ones.

人工智能的概念

The modern definition of artificial intelligence (or AI) is “the study and design of intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines”. Other names for the field have been proposed, such as computational intelligence, synthetic intelligence or computational rationality. The term artificial intelligence is also used to describe a property of machines or programs: the intelligence that the system demonstrates.

科技批評論

Technocriticism is a branch of critical theory devoted to the study of technological change. Technocriticism treats technological transformation as historically specific changes in personal and social practices of research, invention, regulation, distribution, promotion, appropriation, use, and discourse, rather than as an autonomous or socially indifferent accumulation of useful inventions, or as an uncritical narrative of linear “progress”, “development” or “innovation”.

Technocriticism studies these personal and social practices in their changing practical and cultural significance. It documents and analyzes both their private and public uses, and often devotes special attention to the relations among these different uses and dimensions. Recurring themes in technocritical discourse include the deconstruction of essentialist concepts such as “health”, “human”, “nature” or “norm”.

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