瓦爾登湖:Higher Laws2

　　Such is oftenest the young man's introduction to the forest， and the most original part of himself.  He goes thither at first as a hunter and fisher， until at last， if he has the seeds of a better life in him， he distinguishes his proper objects， as a poet or naturalist it may be， and leaves the gun and fish-pole behind.  The mass of men are still and always young in this respect.  In some countries a hunting parson is no uncommon sight.  Such a one might make a good shepherd's dog， but is far from being the Good Shepherd. I have been surprised to consider that the only obvious employment，except wood-chopping， ice-cutting， or the like business， which ever to my knowledge detained at Walden Pond for a whole half-day any of my fellow-citizens， whether fathers or children of the town， with just one exception， was fishing.  Commonly they did not think that they were lucky， or well paid for their time， unless they got a long string of fish， though they had the opportunity of seeing the pond all the while.  They might go there a thousand times before the sediment of fishing would sink to the bottom and leave their purpose pure； but no doubt such a clarifying process would be going on all the while.  The Governor and his Council faintly remember the pond，for they went a-fishing there when they were boys； but now they are too old and dignified to go a-fishing， and so they know it no more forever.  Yet even they expect to go to heaven at last.  If the legislature regards it， it is chiefly to regulate the number of hooks to be used there； but they know nothing about the hook of hooks with which to angle for the pond itself， impaling the legislature for a bait.  Thus， even in civilized communities， the embryo man passes through the hunter stage of development.

　　I have found repeatedly， of late years， that I cannot fish without falling a little in self-respect.  I have tried it again and again.  I have skill at it， and， like many of my fellows， a certain instinct for it， which revives from time to time， but always when I have done I feel that it would have been better if I had not fished. I think that I do not mistake.  It is a faint intimation， yet so are the first streaks of morning.  There is unquestionably this instinct in me which belongs to the lower orders of creation； yet with every year I am less a fisherman， though without more humanity or even wisdom； at present I am no fisherman at all.  But I see that if I were to live in a wilderness I should again be tempted to become a fisher and hunter in earnest.  Beside， there is something essentially unclean about this diet and all flesh， and I began to see where housework commences， and whence the endeavor， which costs so much， to wear a tidy and respectable appearance each day， to keep the house sweet and free from all ill odors and sights.  Having been my own butcher and scullion and cook， as well as the gentleman for whom the dishes were served up， I can speak from an unusually complete experience.  The practical objection to animal food in my case was its uncleanness； and besides， when I had caught and cleaned and cooked and eaten my fish， they seemed not to have fed me essentially.  It was insignificant and unnecessary， and cost more than it came to.  A little bread or a few potatoes would have done as well， with less trouble and filth.  Like many of my contemporaries， I had rarely for many years used animal food， or tea， or coffee， etc.； not so much because of any ill effects which I had traced to them， as because they were not agreeable to my imagination.  The repugnance to animal food is not the effect of experience， but is an instinct.  It appeared more beautiful to live low and fare hard in many respects； and though I never did so， I went far enough to please my imagination.  I believe that every man who has ever been earnest to preserve his higher or poetic faculties in the best condition has been particularly inclined to abstain from animal food， and from much food of any kind.  It is a significant fact， stated by entomologists ―― I find it in Kirby and Spence ――that "some insects in their perfect state， though furnished with organs of feeding， make no use of them"； and they lay it down as "a general rule， that almost all insects in this state eat much less than in that of larvae.  The voracious caterpillar when transformed into a butterfly …… and the gluttonous maggot when become a fly" content themselves with a drop or two of honey or some other sweet liquid.  The abdomen under the wings of the butterfly still represents the larva.  This is the tidbit which tempts his insectivorous fate.  The gross feeder is a man in the larva state；and there are whole nations in that condition， nations without fancy or imagination， whose vast abdomens betray them.

　　青年往往通過(guò)打獵接近森林，并發(fā)展他身體里面最有天性的一部分。他到那里去，先是作為一個(gè)獵人，一個(gè)釣魚(yú)的人，到后來(lái)，如果他身體里已播有更善良生命的種子，他就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他的正當(dāng)目標(biāo)也許是變成詩(shī)人，也許成為自然科學(xué)家，獵槍和釣竿就拋諸腦后了。在這一方面，人類(lèi)大多數(shù)都還是并且永遠(yuǎn)是年輕的。在有些國(guó)家，愛(ài)打獵的牧師并非不常見(jiàn)。這樣的牧師也許可以成為好的牧犬，但決不是一個(gè)善良的牧羊人。我還奇怪著呢，什么伐木、挖冰，這一類(lèi)事是提也不用提了，現(xiàn)在顯然只剩下一件事，還能夠把我的市民同胞，弗論老少，都吸引到瓦爾登湖上來(lái)停留整整半天，只有這一件例外，那就是釣魚(yú)。一般說(shuō)，他們還不認(rèn)為他們很幸運(yùn)，他們這半天過(guò)得還很值得，除非他們釣到了長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)一串魚(yú)，其實(shí)他們明明得到了這樣的好機(jī)會(huì)，可以一直觀賞湖上風(fēng)光。他們得去垂鉤一千次，然后這種陋見(jiàn)才沉到了湖底，他們的目標(biāo)才得到了凈化；毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這樣的凈化過(guò)程隨時(shí)都在繼續(xù)著。州長(zhǎng)和議員們對(duì)于湖沼的記憶已經(jīng)很模糊了，因?yàn)樗麄冎辉谕陼r(shí)代，曾經(jīng)釣過(guò)魚(yú)；現(xiàn)在他們太老了，道貌岸然，怎么還能去釣魚(yú)？因此他們永遠(yuǎn)不知漁樂(lè)了。然而，他們居然還希望最后到天堂中去呢。如果他們立法，主要是作出該湖準(zhǔn)許多少釣鉤的規(guī)定；但是，他們不知道那釣鉤上釣起了最好的湖上風(fēng)光，而立法也成為釣餌了?？梢?jiàn)，甚至在文明社會(huì)中，處于胚胎狀態(tài)的人，要經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)漁獵者的發(fā)展階段。

　　近年來(lái)我一再地發(fā)覺(jué)，我每釣一次魚(yú)，總覺(jué)得我的自尊心降落了一些。我嘗試又嘗試。我有垂釣的技巧，像我的同伴們一樣，又天生有垂釣的嗜好，一再促使我釣魚(yú)去，可是等到我這樣做了，我就覺(jué)得還是不釣魚(yú)更好些，我想我并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。這是一個(gè)隱隱約約的暗示，好像黎明的微光一樣。無(wú)疑問(wèn)的，我這種天生嗜好是屬于造物中較低劣的一種，然而我的捕魚(yú)興趣每年都減少了一點(diǎn)兒，而人道觀點(diǎn)，甚至于智慧卻并沒(méi)有增加，目前我已經(jīng)不再是鉤魚(yú)人了。可是我知道，如果我生活在曠野中，我還會(huì)再給引誘去作熱忱的漁夫和獵人的。況且，這種魚(yú)肉以及所有的肉食，基本上是不潔的，而且我開(kāi)始明白，哪兒來(lái)的那么多家務(wù)，哪兒產(chǎn)生的那個(gè)愿望：要每天注意儀表，要穿得清潔而可敬，房屋要管理得可愛(ài)而沒(méi)有任何惡臭難看的景象，要做到這點(diǎn)，花費(fèi)很大。好在我身兼屠夫，雜役，廚師，又兼那吃一道道菜肴的老爺，所以我能根據(jù)不尋常的全部經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)說(shuō)話。我反對(duì)吃獸肉的主要理由是因?yàn)樗桓蓛?，再說(shuō)，在捉了，洗了，煮了，吃了我的魚(yú)之后，我也并不覺(jué)得它給了我什么了不起的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。既不足道，又無(wú)必要，耗資卻又太大。一個(gè)小面包，幾個(gè)土豆就很可以了，既少麻煩，又不骯臟。我像許多同時(shí)代人一樣，已經(jīng)有好幾年難得吃獸肉或茶或咖啡等等了；倒不是因?yàn)槲艺页隽怂鼈兊娜秉c(diǎn)，而是因?yàn)樗鼈兏业南敕ú贿m應(yīng)。對(duì)獸肉有反感并不是由經(jīng)驗(yàn)引起的，而是一種本能。卑賤的刻苦生活在許多方頁(yè)都顯得更美，雖然我并不曾做到，至少也做到了使我的想象能滿(mǎn)意的地步。我相信每一個(gè)熱衷于把他更高級(jí)的、詩(shī)意的官能保存在最好狀態(tài)中的人，必然是特別地避免吃獸肉，還要避免多吃任何食物的。昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)家認(rèn)為這是值得注意的事實(shí)，――我從柯?tīng)柋群退拱嗨镜臅?shū)中讀到，――“有些昆蟲(chóng)在最完美狀態(tài)中，雖有飲食的器官，并不使用它們，”他們把這歸納為“一個(gè)一般性的規(guī)則，在成蟲(chóng)時(shí)期的昆蟲(chóng)吃得比它們?cè)谟计谏俚枚?，貪吃的蛹一變而為蝴蝶，……貪婪的蛆蟲(chóng)一變而為蒼蠅之后”，只要有一兩滴蜜或其他甘洌液體就很滿(mǎn)足了。蝴蝶翅下的腹部還是蛹的形狀。就是這一點(diǎn)東西引誘它殘殺昆蟲(chóng)。大食者是還處于蛹狀態(tài)中的人；有些國(guó)家的全部國(guó)民都處于這種狀態(tài)，這些國(guó)民沒(méi)有幻想，沒(méi)有想象力，只有一個(gè)出賣(mài)了他們的大肚皮。

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