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權(quán)力分析和實施

Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak of the balance of power between parties to a relationship: all parties to all relationships have some power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyze relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of constraint rather than of power. Thus “power” has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of “power”, and its meaning would be lost.

One can sometimes distinguish primary power: the direct and personal use of force for coercion; and secondary power, which may involve the threat of force or social constraint, most likely involving third-party exercisers of delegated power.

權(quán)力來源

Power may be held through:

1. Delegated authority (for example in the democratic process)

2. Social class

3. Personal or group charisma

4. Ascribed power (acting on perceived or assumed abilities, whether these bear testing or not)

5. Expertise (ability, Skills) (the power of medicine to bring about health; another famous example would be “in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king” —Desiderius Erasmus)

權(quán)力六大基礎(chǔ)之一： 合法權(quán)、 參考權(quán)、 專家權(quán)

Social psychologists French and Raven, in a now-classic study, developed a schema of five categories of power which reflected the different bases or resources that power holders rely upon. One additional base (informational) was later added.

Legitimate Power:

Legitimate Power refers to power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate Power is formal authority delegated

to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power such as uniforms, offices etc. This is the most obvious and also the most important kind of power.

Referent Power:

Referent Power means the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build loyalty. It’s based on the charisma and interpersonal skills of the power holder. Here the person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities, and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower. Nationalism or Patriotism counts towards an intangible sort of referent power as well. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second least obvious power, but the most effective.

權(quán)力六大基礎(chǔ)之二： 信息權(quán)、 報酬權(quán)、 強制權(quán)

Information Power:

While the difference between expert power and information power is subtle, people with this type of power are well-informed, up-to-date and also have the ability to persuade others. Another difference would be that people with Expert Power are perceived by his/her image of expertise to show credibility (i.e. a qualified doctor in a doctor uniform), while one with Information Power does not have a strict need to “l(fā)ook the part of a professional”, but they must keep up to date with new research, and have confidence in debating, or are persuasive.

Reward Power:

Reward Power depends upon the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards; it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious but also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or be reprimanded for being too forthcoming or “moving things too quickly”.

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