議論文 (Argumentation)寫(xiě)作
議論文又稱(chēng)論說(shuō)文，是以議論的方式通過(guò)擺事實(shí)講道理來(lái)闡述自己觀點(diǎn)的文章。
議論文有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三大要素，要寫(xiě)好議論文就得抓住這三大要素。
1. 論點(diǎn)
論點(diǎn)就是指作者提出的觀點(diǎn)。提出的論點(diǎn)應(yīng)有針對(duì)性，有的放矢，立論要有新意，使讀者耳目一新。另外，提出的論點(diǎn)要有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性。
2. 論據(jù)
論據(jù)是作者為自己的觀點(diǎn)提出的理由和根據(jù)。論點(diǎn)必須由論據(jù)來(lái)證明。作為論據(jù)的材料，大致有兩個(gè)方面：事實(shí)論據(jù)和理論論據(jù)。
(1) 事實(shí)論據(jù)
事實(shí)論據(jù)包括有代表性的人證、物證、典型事例、歷史資料、歷史事實(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字等。比喻性材料也可作為事實(shí)論據(jù)。
(2) 理論論據(jù)
理論論據(jù)包括反映客觀事物的本質(zhì)和規(guī)律的定義、科學(xué)原理、法則，已被證實(shí)的公理、定理以及成語(yǔ)、警句、格言、諺語(yǔ)等。
3. 論證
論證是通過(guò)邏輯推理的方法來(lái)闡明論據(jù)與論點(diǎn)間內(nèi)在的科學(xué)聯(lián)系。論證的方法有：
(1) 歸納法
歸納法是從若干個(gè)別事例中綜合它們共同的本質(zhì)，歸納出一般結(jié)論和規(guī)律的方法。
(2) 演繹法
演繹法與歸納法相反，歸納法是從若干個(gè)別事例推論出一般規(guī)律（from particulars to generalities），演繹法則是從一般規(guī)律推論到個(gè)別事物的方法（from general premises to particular conclusions）。
(3) 類(lèi)推法
類(lèi)推法就是通過(guò)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物進(jìn)行多方面比較，來(lái)推論出結(jié)論。
1. 議論文大致可分為立論文和駁論文兩種。
(1) 立論文
作者先提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，然后擺出事實(shí)以證實(shí)自己觀點(diǎn)的正確性。
立論文以“立”為主，確立論點(diǎn)是立論文的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)于同一個(gè)問(wèn)題或事物，站的角度不同，大小有異，正反不同，會(huì)提出不同甚至相反的論點(diǎn)。所以，確立論點(diǎn)一定要注意對(duì)象，抓住問(wèn)題的要害，正確選擇角度。所立的論點(diǎn)不僅要能科學(xué)地揭示事物的本質(zhì)，經(jīng)得起檢驗(yàn)，而且要有新意，使人耳目一新。
確立了論點(diǎn)之后所面臨的問(wèn)題是選擇論據(jù)，要求論據(jù)必須和論點(diǎn)有本質(zhì)的必然聯(lián)系。不僅如此，選擇的論據(jù)必須真實(shí)可靠，同時(shí)還要恰當(dāng)?shù)湫汀?BR>有了論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，還要有巧妙地安排和嚴(yán)密的論證，這樣才能構(gòu)成一篇有理有據(jù)有說(shuō)服力的議論文。巧妙而嚴(yán)密地進(jìn)行論證，是為了正確的揭示論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)、觀點(diǎn)和材料之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而達(dá)到觀點(diǎn)和材料的高度統(tǒng)一。
在提綱式立論類(lèi)文中，有時(shí)題目隱含出題人的觀點(diǎn)。而且在提綱中沒(méi)有提供明顯的結(jié)論，這時(shí)要求考生根據(jù)題目及所給的提綱，得出一個(gè)結(jié)論。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是有時(shí)侯作文的題目既是出題者提出的觀點(diǎn)，又是出題者期待考生得出的結(jié)論。
(2) 駁論文：
以駁斥（駁論）為主的議論文叫駁論文。駁論和立論是對(duì)立而又統(tǒng)一的。從立論來(lái)說(shuō)，“立”就意味著否定它的對(duì)立面，立論文中的任何“立論”都包含著“駁論”的因素。同樣，從駁論來(lái)說(shuō)，“駁”就意味著“立”。
一般地說(shuō)，在駁論文的一開(kāi)始，總是先擺對(duì)方論點(diǎn)，然后有的放矢、針?shù)h相對(duì)地進(jìn)行批駁。擺對(duì)方論點(diǎn)在駁論文的寫(xiě)作中顯得異常重要，因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)方論點(diǎn)擺得如何直接影響到全文“駁”以至“立”的效果。
雖然在擺對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的時(shí)候不能忘記自己的立場(chǎng)，但是一定要盡可能客觀地?cái)[出對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)。只有這樣才能最終使得自己反對(duì)什么贊成什么變得旗幟鮮明。為了使讀者對(duì)于對(duì)方論點(diǎn)極其性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)有一個(gè)比較充分的認(rèn)識(shí)，便于在文章中對(duì)于對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)展開(kāi)駁斥、增強(qiáng)駁斥的力度和效果，必須盡可能地交代對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的有關(guān)背景。要把代表對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句，甚至段落引出來(lái)。所謂“關(guān)鍵”是指最能夠代表對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、立場(chǎng)的言語(yǔ)。如果對(duì)方論點(diǎn)比較集中，則可以直接摘引[要注意的是，不宜將對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)引得太多。引用得太多會(huì)造成四面出擊、難以深入，影響駁斥的效果]；如果對(duì)方論點(diǎn)比較分散或者比較隱蔽，則可以根據(jù)具體情形對(duì)之加以集中概括和分析評(píng)述。
精心選擇好突破口是寫(xiě)好駁論文的又一關(guān)鍵。選擇突破口應(yīng)該以有利于揭露對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的實(shí)質(zhì)、有利于文章的展開(kāi)、有利于駁倒對(duì)方論點(diǎn)、有利于增強(qiáng)文章的力度為原則。
既然“立論文”是由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)部分組成的，那么，駁論文則可以根據(jù)具體情況，或反駁論點(diǎn)、或反駁論據(jù)、或反駁論證。
反駁論點(diǎn)是對(duì)對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行批駁，指出它的虛假和荒謬性。反駁論點(diǎn)可以直接反駁也可以間接反駁。直接反駁是直接指出對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的荒謬性。這種方法可以引用不可辯駁的確鑿事實(shí)，也可以從理論上進(jìn)行透徹解剖和分析。間接反駁既可以對(duì)于對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的引申，很快使其論點(diǎn)的荒謬性昭然若揭，也可以證明與對(duì)方論點(diǎn)相對(duì)立的論點(diǎn)的正確性，從而證實(shí)對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的荒謬性。明知對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤荒謬的，卻故意把它當(dāng)成是正確的或先假設(shè)對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)是正確的，然后以此為前提再加以合乎邏輯（合乎情理）地引申、推導(dǎo)，得出必然錯(cuò)誤、荒謬的結(jié)果（結(jié)論），從而推翻其假設(shè)的前提，證實(shí)對(duì)方原來(lái)的論點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。這種方法稱(chēng)為“歸謬法”。“歸謬”就是擴(kuò)而大之，推類(lèi)至盡，導(dǎo)致謬誤，讓其荒謬性充分地暴露出來(lái)，使人看清是非、明辨真?zhèn)巍Ｖ灰耙辍钡暮虾踹壿嫞皻w謬”得符合事理，就能置對(duì)方于自相矛盾、無(wú)以脫身的境地。
反駁論據(jù)是對(duì)對(duì)方論據(jù)進(jìn)行批駁，指出其虛假性和荒謬性。論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)是議論文（此處指駁論文）中說(shuō)理的兩個(gè)最基本的構(gòu)成因素。論點(diǎn)是由論據(jù)來(lái)支撐的。論據(jù)真實(shí)則論點(diǎn)正確；論據(jù)虛假則論點(diǎn)荒謬。論點(diǎn)是論據(jù)的集中表現(xiàn)，論據(jù)是論點(diǎn)的成立基礎(chǔ)。揭露了論據(jù)的虛假，駁倒了支撐對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)，就是駁倒了對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)。論點(diǎn)就不攻自破。這種方法猶如釜底抽薪，通過(guò)戮穿對(duì)方虛假的論據(jù)，而直接駁倒對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然，也不能把反駁論據(jù)和反駁論點(diǎn)截然分開(kāi)。反駁論據(jù)的同時(shí)也必須反駁論點(diǎn)。
反駁論證是揭露對(duì)方在論證過(guò)程中論據(jù)和論點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系的錯(cuò)誤，即，駁斥對(duì)方的論據(jù)得不出相應(yīng)的論點(diǎn)來(lái)。通過(guò)反駁對(duì)方論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)之間邏輯關(guān)系的矛盾之處或錯(cuò)誤來(lái)駁倒對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)。議論文的論證就是闡明論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系和組織論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過(guò)程。反駁論證就是要揭露對(duì)方在論證過(guò)程中的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，籍此證明對(duì)方論點(diǎn)的謬誤。運(yùn)用矛盾法反駁論證，目的就是要用縝密的邏輯推理去揭露對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)在邏輯上的矛盾。運(yùn)用矛盾法來(lái)反駁論證，不僅可以證明對(duì)方論據(jù)和論點(diǎn)之間不統(tǒng)一，而且可以揭露對(duì)方在論證過(guò)程中言論的前后矛盾，還可以揭穿對(duì)方在論證過(guò)程中偷換了論題的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，寫(xiě)駁論文時(shí)，作者首先會(huì)給出一個(gè)明顯錯(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn)或批駁對(duì)象，然后針對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)的謬誤、論據(jù)的虛假或論證的邏輯錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行批駁。
2. 議論文可進(jìn)一步細(xì)致劃分為六種：
(1) 分析建議類(lèi)議論文
通過(guò)對(duì)某種現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題進(jìn)行深入、辯證地分析，找出其形成的原因或產(chǎn)生的后果，最終提出自己的建議的寫(xiě)作方法。
(2) 原因分析類(lèi)議論文
對(duì)事物之間的因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行客觀論證，并得出論證結(jié)論的寫(xiě)作方法。
(3) 對(duì)比/比較分析類(lèi)議論文
通過(guò)對(duì)兩種不同事物進(jìn)行比較和對(duì)比，找出它們之間的相同之處和不同之處，最后得出結(jié)論的寫(xiě)作方法；也可對(duì)同種事物的正反、利弊、優(yōu)劣、積極和消極兩方面進(jìn)行比較，最后得出結(jié)論。
(4) 各抒己見(jiàn)類(lèi)議論文
通過(guò)對(duì)兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)或看法進(jìn)行分析，最后得出自己的看法或結(jié)論的寫(xiě)作方法。
(5) 理由陳述類(lèi)議論文
從主觀角度陳述做某事的理由的寫(xiě)作方法。
(6) 批駁分析類(lèi)議論文
通過(guò)引出錯(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn)或做法，再分析其表現(xiàn)形式或之所以存在的依據(jù)，最后得出正確的態(tài)度或主張的寫(xiě)作方法。
Sample 1
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Two Educational Patterns. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 目前有兩種教育模式：應(yīng)試教育和素質(zhì)教育
2. 兩者對(duì)比我認(rèn)為……
Two Educational Patterns
At present there exist side by side two contradictory educational patterns: the traditional exam-oriented pattern and the brand-new quality-oriented pattern, which lead to a never-ending-discussion nationwide as to which to choose.
The exam-oriented educational pattern is the inevitable result of the existing exam assessment system. In order to climb into the “ivory tower” or work for their degrees, students are cramming data and facts only for exams and forget all the information almost right after the exams. What’s worse, almost all the students seem to be tried to the chariot of exams, naturally they gradually lose their freedom and creativity. As a result, they always study passively and never attach importance to practical ability and originality.
In contrast, the quality-oriented educational pattern stresses on the creativity of students and their all-round development. Students are not supposed to memorize information mechanically and passively as computers. Instead, they are encouraged to do some creative work actively and independently as the programmers of computers. In this pattern, what students aim at is no longer their academic performances, but their practical ability.
No doubt, what the new quality-oriented pattern cultivates will not be merely learners successful in studies, but citizens fit in health, rich in knowledge and tasteful in memory. Therefore, it’s high time we reformed our existing exam assessment system and adopted the new educational pattern and bid goodbye to the traditional one.
評(píng)析：
本文屬對(duì)比分析類(lèi)議論文，采用四段式行文。文章開(kāi)篇便引出其中心議題“目前我國(guó)存在兩種相互矛盾的教育模式：一種是傳統(tǒng)的應(yīng)試教育模式，而另一種則是全新的素質(zhì)教育模式” 。隨后在第二和第三段中論述了兩種不同教育模式的不同特點(diǎn)和不同教育結(jié)果。應(yīng)試教育是一種被動(dòng)的、重成績(jī)、輕能力的教學(xué)模式，往往會(huì)培養(yǎng)出許多高分底能不合格的人才；而素質(zhì)教育則是主動(dòng)的、重能力、重創(chuàng)造性的教育模式，培養(yǎng)出的將是一代有創(chuàng)新能力的復(fù)合型的人才。最后一段作者通過(guò)對(duì)比得出結(jié)論：現(xiàn)存的分?jǐn)?shù)評(píng)估體系導(dǎo)致了應(yīng)試教育。因此，我們應(yīng)改革分?jǐn)?shù)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)，告別應(yīng)試教育并盡快全面轉(zhuǎn)向素質(zhì)教育。
Sample 2
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Do as the Romans Do in Rome? You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 當(dāng)一個(gè)人乍被移民到新的文化環(huán)境中會(huì)感到極不適應(yīng)。
2. 試分析這一現(xiàn)象的原因。
3. 怎樣才能入鄉(xiāng)隨俗？
How to Do as the Romans Do in Rome?
When suddenly transplanted into a new culture, one feels like a fish being out of water. The new comer is uncertain about everything once familiar to him, such as what to talk about with others, how to approach a stranger, when to laugh at a joke, etc. Then, what causes his confusion and what can be done to help him over it?
The causes of such confusion in his daily activities are complex. Some attribute it to the language used to reflect al the ways of life in the new culture. Others believe that the cause lies in the customs between the two cultures that may be far from identical to one another. The two causes above can hold water but can’t account for all the confusion he feels, so the term “culture shock” is most widely used to explain such why. Such shock results from losing all his familiar patterns and symbols of his normal day-to-day social life.
To realize his transplanting into a new society, some efforts have to be made in advance. The right way to avoid “culture shock” is to combine the study of its language consciously with that of its culture, that is, he must learn the ways in which its language conveys ideas, follows customs, and promotes behavior of its people. Even in it, he also needs to see the world around him as the people there see it, thus adjusting his mind by instinct to the entire way of the new life. Once he attaches as much value to the unfamiliar as to the familiar and also turns the former into the latter, he is sure to feel like a fish that has been put back into water.
評(píng)析：
這是一篇客觀性（原因）分析與建議類(lèi)議論文。作者在文章的開(kāi)頭就形象地借用了a fish being out of water 緊扣出題者的要求，轉(zhuǎn)而對(duì)由此帶來(lái)的困惑從三個(gè)方面分析了原因。
作者在原因分析中，采用了由表及里和從點(diǎn)到面的寫(xiě)作手法。先從一些人的視角推出人們熟知的原因——語(yǔ)言(language)障礙；再以另一些人的看法闡明第二個(gè)原因——習(xí)俗差異(difference in the customs between the two cultures)；接著，作者首先肯定了前兩個(gè)原因的客觀性(hold water)，同時(shí)又指出了它們的片面性(can’t account for all the confusion)，繼而順理成章地亮出自己所知的綜合原因——文化沖擊(culture shock)，并解釋了其產(chǎn)生的根源(result from losing all his familiar patterns and symbols of his normal day-to-day social life)。作者借鑒了“各抒己見(jiàn)類(lèi)議論文”的寫(xiě)作模式，為事物的客觀性分析開(kāi)辟了新的寫(xiě)作途徑：一些人認(rèn)為某事物產(chǎn)生的根源是……；另一些人則認(rèn)為其產(chǎn)生的根源是……；作者更深或更全面的分析：以上兩種觀點(diǎn)都有合理性的一面，但還有一條更深刻的原因是……
作者在結(jié)尾段為幫助新移民能盡快入鄉(xiāng)隨俗，提出了一條合理的建議：一是在出國(guó)前就應(yīng)既學(xué)新環(huán)境的語(yǔ)言又要研究其文化習(xí)俗(combine the study of its language with that of its culture – the way its language conveys ideas, follows customs and promotes behavior of its people)；二是即使移民到了那里仍須有意識(shí)地學(xué)用當(dāng)?shù)厝说姆绞絹?lái)理解周?chē)氖挛铮瑥亩饾u過(guò)渡到能本能地適應(yīng)新環(huán)境(adapt by instinct to the new environment)。文章的結(jié)束句又重提魚(yú)兒得水(a fish that has been put back into water)，與篇頭形成首尾呼應(yīng)之勢(shì)，使讀者讀后能感受到How to do as the Romans do in Rome這一問(wèn)題解決得徹底與完善。
Sample 3
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Under Undue Stress. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 現(xiàn)代生活以過(guò)度緊張而著稱(chēng)。
2. 過(guò)度緊張的副作用。
3. 怎樣消除過(guò)度緊張？
Under Undue Stress
We live in a time when, more frequently than ever before in history, people are living under undue stress: School-goers are under pressure to hit too many books in too little time; wage-earners complain about no chance to lighten the heavy burden that life imposes upon them: and officials are also said to be overloaded with duties. According to the results of scientific researches, however, too much stress exerts an unwanted hold on one’s health.
The side-effects utmost strain produces on us can be boiled down to three major ones. First of all, it forces one to fall out of a Norman balance between work and rest. Who has not suffered from insomnia during the stressful period of his or her important affairs? Secondly, it results in a disorder of one’s moods, which offers an acceptable explanation for why many people lose their temper without cause or why some break down in mental health. Finally, tit helps bring one a few severe diseases, one of which is the top killer, cancer.
If you are often under terrible tension, it is time for you to do something about it. You could set a practical standard for your work or different style of living for a change of your faster pace. In addition, rather than grumble about your surroundings, you could keep on pleasant terms with others so as to live in a cheerful mood. The quotations from the former Chairman Mao “Beware of heartbreak with grievance overfull; range far your eye over long vistas” can serve as good advice on how to rid yourself of undue stress.
評(píng)析：
這篇文章是要分析闡述過(guò)度緊張的副作用，進(jìn)而為消除緊張?zhí)岢鲎髡叩慕ㄗh。作者采取與過(guò)去對(duì)比的開(kāi)篇方式(more frequently than ever before in history)來(lái)滿足題目的要求，再列舉出三種人(school-goers, wage-earners, officials)的生活寫(xiě)照，為主題句提供了有力的佐證。在第二段首句中，作者將過(guò)度緊張導(dǎo)致的諸多副作用濃縮成三個(gè)方面：失去勞逸結(jié)合之間的守恒(falling out of a balance between work and rest)；情緒紊亂(disorder of one’s moods)和誘發(fā)嚴(yán)重疾病(bringing on severe diseases)。同時(shí)，作者并未忘記細(xì)節(jié)的論證作用，采用了問(wèn)句說(shuō)明、舉例證明等手法佐證作者的論點(diǎn)。第三段采用了與讀者交談的寫(xiě)作手法，以“您”作為需求建議的對(duì)象，使讀者不由得自問(wèn)：我要是過(guò)度緊張?jiān)撛趺崔k？這樣處理拉近了作者與讀者的距離，讀者會(huì)感到文章的勤儉親近，建議的可信和適用：改變一下生活方式；再不必抱怨一切，應(yīng)和踏入社會(huì)他人和睦相處等。
Sample 4
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Health – A Serious Issue on Campus. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 大學(xué)生的健康狀況令人擔(dān)憂。
2. 導(dǎo)致這一狀況的原因。
3. 這一狀況將對(duì)中國(guó)的未來(lái)產(chǎn)生什么影響？
Health – A Serious Issue on Campus
According to a recent survey made in a certain university, there are 43.8 percent of male students and 38.3 percent of female students either facing problems with nutrition or having to miss classes because of illness each term. The results are typical of the health conditions of all the students on the Chinese campus, for all available data show that college students’ health has become a serious issue. To get a better understanding of how the issue affects the future of China, let’s turn first to its causes.
The leading cause of this issue is that a mixture of competition and overpopulation, though best for the survival of the fittest in every field, will certainly cast a long-range shadow on the natural growth of the young people. The anxiety derived from fierce competition at the stage of being is already strong enough to affect their health. Another cause that shouts as loud consists in less and less attention the college staff pays to the improvement of the physique on campus In most cased, students groan under such an increasing burden of studies that the university hardly finds it necessary to set up facilities to cater for their health. Also playing a role is the fact that students themselves show little concern over their own bodies, as shown in the survey that 55 percent of the students at college skip breakfast, the most important meal of the day.
As the future builder of China, this generation on campus, if cursed with bad health, will exert some serious influences on the development of the country. The immediate result it produces is that there will be fewer and fewer healthy and active scientists who are so vigorous as to drive themselves to success in their field. In the long run, our nation will lose her potentialities of competing with others in every aspect of human progress. This really is an urgent matter worth considering and improving.
評(píng)析：
本文作者采用引證法開(kāi)篇使讀者馬上意識(shí)到所議問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性；接著，作者用著一短語(yǔ)闡明問(wèn)題的普遍性，從而引出主題。這種開(kāi)篇手法具有極強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力和穿透力，吸引讀者讀下去，了解更深層次的內(nèi)涵和效應(yīng)。在第二段和第三段中，作者把握了三大因素：社會(huì)因素、人為因素和自身因素。作者在分析這一現(xiàn)狀的影響時(shí)，使讀者既能意識(shí)到這一問(wèn)題的近憂，又能接受作者的遠(yuǎn)慮；故此，已成為一個(gè)亟待解決的問(wèn)題。
Sample 5
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic New Building of Poor Quality – Possible Killers. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 近年來(lái)不時(shí)報(bào)道新建筑物因質(zhì)量低劣造成嚴(yán)重事故。
2. 造成新建筑物質(zhì)量低劣的原因是……
3. 分析由此帶來(lái)的后果。
New Building of Poor Quality – Possible Killers
In recent years, it is frequently reported that newly-built structures collapse in tragedy just because of poor quality in construction. The cases of both the flood control works in Jiujiang and the Hong Bridge in Chongqing may be counted as typical ones. To prevent such tragedy from happening again and again, it is our duty to dig out what accounts for it.
In the chain-like process of construction, any weak link such as design, foundation and framework may spell ruin to a project, while, on the whole, the weakest links always originate from three deep-rooted causes of ruin. What should go before everything else is the burning desire both the builder and the supervisor have for money. In order to make more money, the builder hides up inferior steel in faulty concrete, and meanwhile, the supervisor, loaded with bribes, turns a blind eye to the jerry-building, thus leading to the ruin of the people’s hope as well as of the structure itself. Another cause takes shape in the course of bid competition, which lacks in clearness or fairness, and puts many projects in the hands of such builders as are poor in construction but good at the under-the-table business. The third one stems from there being no official criteria on which the registration of any builder is effectively based, which is why our building market is full of good and bad builders mixed up.
Of evil grain no good seed can come. A good deal of manpower, materials and money often turns out, with a bang, to be nothing but a killer; for instance, the collapse of Hong Bridge in January, 1999, caused 40 deaths. What a costly seed it is, stuck with blood and tears! If this situation is allowed to drift in its direction, our government will lose not only material wealth but also consistent support from the people.
Sample 6
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Do as the Romans Do in Rome? You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 為了杜絕政府機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)的腐敗現(xiàn)象，有人建議高薪養(yǎng)廉。
2. 有的人則建議完善監(jiān)督機(jī)制。
3. 我的建議。
How to Stop Corruption in Government Bodies?
Nowadays, nothing in government bodies comes close to corruption that brings ruin upon our Party’s image in the people’s minds. For this very reason, many people of insight have come up with some tentative proposals, among which two draw widespread attention throughout the country.
Some suggest that our Party nourish honesty in government departments by raising civil servant’s salaries by a wide margin. Of this move will come much good on the side of an official: a fuller sense of his duties, a better resistance to lure of bribes, and a less embarrassment of being hard up on a formal occasion. And even more, this move will much reduce the chances of an official’s exploiting his office for the material interests of his family members. But ,as bribery comes in more and more names, how much increase in salary can the government afford to curb an official’s desire for any dishonest earnings, in addition to bearing the burden of supporting millions of workers who have been laid off? Therefore, others hold that our Party ought to perfect mechanisms of supervision, under which any official is restrained in exercising his functions and power. With the mechanisms becoming more and more effective, most officials will impose more self-restraints on the performance of their duties while some dishonest ones will get well-earned punishment. Yet, no matter how perfect, any supervision can not ensure every official against corruption.
As neither of the two proposals is effective enough to root up the cause of ruin in government machinery, I favor fruitful interpenetration of each other’s advantages. While encouraging qualified officials to devote more to the people by giving a proper increase in salary, our Party must reinforce efficient supervision over some functional agencies. I am fully confident that, as long as our Party is ready to adopt any suggestion particularly beneficial to the purification of the civil ranks, there will be no more soil for corruption in government bodies.
Sample 7
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Competition and Cooperation. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below
:
Competition and Cooperation
As two main pushing forces behind social development, competition and cooperation draw more attention of the public than ever before. Some place more stress on the former while others attach heavier weight to the latter. If asked to make a choice between the two forces, I would not hesitate to choose the latter over the former.
There is no need to deny that competition has contributed much to the survival of the best, but it seems more primitive and ruthless, when compared with cooperation. Just consider the situation in which, for a better chance of survival, people compete ruinously against each other by resorting to deception and fraud, and you will associate it with the law of the jungle by which the weak are the prey of the strong in the animal kingdom. Moreover, with competition in our life growing in intensity, interpersonal relations are cold or warm, depending purely on whether one is successful or not. By contrast, cooperation enables people to feel the strength of unity, as in a football game, one team’s victory results from the better cooperation between its members than that of the other team. In fact, as the pace of modern life renders individuality less and less significant, nothing brings more benefit than cooperation does to the human progress—better mutual understanding between factions that were once hostile to one another, and more chances of getting the impossible possible. A strong proof in point is that of the International Space Station, which has got into shape owing to the extensive coordination between 13 countries worldwide. And what is more, coop0eration reflects more of human civilization.
As can be concluded from the analyses above, when you judge between both on the basis of their nature, potentiality and humanness, don’t you think that my preference for cooperation is more acceptable to our society? Therefore, we should not only realize that competition and cooperation, like two sides of the coin, have to go hand in hand, but fix more attention on how to make full use or cooperation as well.
Sample 8
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Where to Go for Your Holiday? You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 旅游觀光已成為人們生活中的常事。
2. 人們通常選擇的去處有兩種：人文歷史古跡和自然風(fēng)景勝地。
3. 比較起來(lái)，我更喜歡……未被破壞
Where to Go for Your Holiday
It is now common to see light-hearted people on sightseeing tours to places of interest. In general, there are two kinds of places in sight-seers’ better graces, one being humane historic sites and the other natural scenic spots. While many choose the former as attraction for them, I prefer to explore the romantic scenery of natural spots unspoilt by modern civilization. True, humane historic sites, especially the eight wonders of the world, can arouse people’s sense of pride in human history and their curiosity about his treasures of architecture, religion, science, art, etc. , but they can not lead people to properly appraise man’s greatness owing to lack of harmony with nature. As a sharp contrast to them, natural wonders can not only mould people’s sentiments but also make them aware of the truth that man would have no chance of displaying superiority without other inferior living things. In addition, flooded ceaselessly with crowds and littered with such discards of modern life as food packages and cigarette ends, these historic sites are no longer blessed with the advantage of creating a relaxing atmosphere for sightseers arriving in high spirits. By comparison, free from any pollution and unchanged by human activity, virgin scenery holds out more and more attraction to those who are eager to escape from the pressure of their lives. And above all, if man depends too much on his own glorious history for his growth in wisdom, such wisdom will only augment his capacity for evil, as he fails to consider all the important factors concerning all the living things on the Earth and to attach to each its due weight. Man’s success in the application of many scientific inventions, for example, ahs resulted in destroying the ecological balance in much of the world. On the contrary, although you are far away from modern facilities and helpless in emergency, bathing yourself in natural scenery will reward you with a new sense of proportion, thus preventing you from making irrecoverable errors because of too much stress placed on the importance of your own race.
From the comparison and contrast above, anyone can reach the conclusion that natural scenic spots are more pleasing to the eye and more instructive to the mind than humane historic sites. Our vacation is approaching, and I believe more students will make a holiday trip to natural scenic attractions still unknown to many.
Sample 9
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On
Criticism You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 批評(píng)催人奮進(jìn)。
2. 然而，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中總有許多人害怕批評(píng)，也害怕批評(píng)別人。
3. 正確的態(tài)度。
On Criticism
No one will deny that criticism helps us know our negative qualities better and adds to our self-knowledge. But in the real life, many people tend to hold a protective web around themselves in defense against criticism or to take the friendly attitude by only offering others compliment. Then how should we handle the criticism from others?
Admittedly, criticism may make people feel unfriendly, unfair, or simply hurt. For this reason, very often some people complain that criticism makes them completely puzzled about how to behave and do things properly. And when they are criticized, they will refuse to correct the mistakes, thinking of the criticism as unreasonable demand. Obviously, they ignore the fact that only those who care for us will offer us criticism in order to stop us from erring. Criticism is more helpful than compliment because those criticized can improve and will not make the same mistakes in the future. Criticism to us is like good medicine to the sick.
Being criticized means standing a good chance of being judged, and such judgment implies a demand that we should make improvement in our work. So, I hold that we should not take a negative attitude towards criticism, for such an attitude will keep us from knowing what others really think of us. As the old saying goes, “One will improve only with criticism.”
Sample 10
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Cloning Be Encouraged? You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有的人反對(duì)發(fā)展克隆技術(shù)。
2. 有的人贊成發(fā)展克隆技術(shù)。
3. 我的看法。
Should Cloning Be Encouraged?
As the newest technology in the 20th century, Cloning has aroused wide concern in all circles of the world since the first clone of the Scottish sheep Dolly. So, on whether it would be a blessing or a curse to clone an entire human being based on the new discovery, there are two typical speculations that are poles apart.
Some people believe that the Cloning, like the nuclear technology that provokes a global panic, will raise the biggest moral and ethical problem and even damage the love-enjoying of a man and woman in normal reproduction. They fear that by a progression of small steps scientists could eventually provide all technologies needed to clone the entire human beings. Thus they call for a worldwide disapproval of the scientists’ risk of tampering with man’s nature. However, others who take the opposite position argue that Cloning – one of the greatest technological advances – is less of a problem ethically. They claim that only through Cloning research can scientists understand the ways human cells change. Then they strongly hope that the Cloning research will continue at higher speed so as to provide organs for sick people some day. And those who worry about a Genie from the bottle, according to them, obviously disregard the benefits man has received from Cloning.
In my opinion, now that it is impossible to reverse knowledge, human beings should take a wiser step to determine and control the direction of the Cloning research. On the one hand, limited Cloning can be encouraged to exploit its potential benefits like providing help for treating fatal diseases by experimenting on cloned animals, saving rare wild animals and so on. On the other hand, in order to prevent the genie from coming out of the bottle, there should be immediate moves to set up, if possible, an international treaty to ban experiments regarding human Cloning worldwide.
Sample 11
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Career I Pursue. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 社會(huì)上可供大學(xué)生選擇的職業(yè)多種多樣。
2. 我所追求的職業(yè)及其理由。
3. 為此，……
The Career I Pursue
In speaking of what kinds of job to take up upon graduation, most college students have already formed vivid but different pictures in their minds of ideals. Among these ideal jobs may be lawyer, or doctor, or engineer, or businessman, or any other professions that can ensure them fame and wealth. As for me, however, I still keep my first resolve to pursue teaching as my life-ling career.
A few reasons have led me to choose this occupation over other moneymaking ones. In the first place, a teacher can enjoy more freedom and independence than many other professionals. Rather than learn my part beforehand by heart as an actor does, I am free to invent my act as my course goes along – making decisions, arranging lectures and putting ideas across to my audience, all at my own will—a privilege hardly available to man job-holders. In the second, a teacher is provided with ample chances of perfecting himself from all sides. In order to prepare my students well for their future world, I have to force myself to acquire newer knowledge, better self-cultivation and enrich experience in life, during which I am always the first to grow fuller of good stuff. And the most sacred to teaching, though, is that it brings new hope to a nation. With a key to human treasures in my hand, I feel greatly honored to transform many teenagers, from ignorance to intelligence, from stupidity to wisdom and from savageness to civilization.
For the reason above, I do not think there is any occupation in the world that is better than teaching. Now, I am determined to devote all my life to this bright and glorious cause and I am convinced, too, that teaching will be an enjoyable experience to me in my future life.
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