新托福獨(dú)立寫作應(yīng)試技巧解析
對(duì)于新托福獨(dú)立寫作部分，同學(xué)們可以從以下角度進(jìn)行分享突破，達(dá)到較好的復(fù)習(xí)效果，進(jìn)而取得較好的托福成績(jī)。
1、托福寫作時(shí)，學(xué)會(huì)快速審題、列提綱
由于托福考試并不是考查考生文章的邏輯性和邏輯深度，因此沒有必要費(fèi)盡周折去深思熟慮，應(yīng)該盡可能快速地就一個(gè)題目展開1-3個(gè)層次，然后輔之以足夠的細(xì)節(jié)和例子，完成審題和列提綱的工作。
托福題目的審題要達(dá)到快速，主要有兩套思路：一是邏輯判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的拆分，也就是所謂的萬能理由通用思維;二是具體化、分情況、分領(lǐng)域拆開討論。
第一個(gè)套路：萬能理由、通用思維：
對(duì)于一個(gè)想法，本來就并沒有什么萬能理由，只是將“好壞”這個(gè)概念進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)拆分，就可以形成萬能理由的構(gòu)造：
對(duì)于微觀和宏觀都適用的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
(1)有效率(節(jié)約時(shí)間);(2)方便(步驟少，麻煩少);(3)省錢;(4)安全(不威脅健康、不威脅生命/不怕壞人、不含放射性、不具有摧毀力、抗災(zāi)害能力強(qiáng));(5)耐久(保存時(shí)間長(zhǎng));(6)環(huán)保(污染少)
主要對(duì)于微觀適用(針對(duì)個(gè)人)的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
(7)健康(空氣、醫(yī)療條件。生活壓力、運(yùn)動(dòng)、溫飽……);(8)樂趣(人多的樂趣、人少的樂趣、娛樂項(xiàng)目的樂趣、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的樂趣……);(9)成就感;(10)生活質(zhì)量(設(shè)施、工作壓力……);(11)身邊的其他人(朋友、家人……)
主要對(duì)于宏觀適用(針對(duì)國家和社會(huì))的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
(12)經(jīng)濟(jì)(農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、貿(mào)易、證券市場(chǎng);通貨膨脹(物價(jià))、失業(yè));(13)政治(法律、民主(自由));(14)文化(藝術(shù)、傳統(tǒng));(15)技術(shù)進(jìn)步(交通、通信、太空探險(xiǎn));(16)資源與環(huán)境(能源、環(huán)境污染)
萬能理由往往可以很好地適用于偏好類的題目，因?yàn)檫@些題目是直接探討好壞的，但也同時(shí)使用于有些觀點(diǎn)類的題目，但是有一些觀點(diǎn)類的題目，由于本身范圍小，所以很難用萬能理由直接構(gòu)造層次，而需要用下面的第二個(gè)套路或者索性直接構(gòu)思一些對(duì)應(yīng)的理由或?qū)哟巍?/p>
這些萬能理由之所以會(huì)成為萬能理由，是因?yàn)樗o分析一個(gè)題目提供了通用的視角，但想要真正實(shí)用出來，還需要(1)花時(shí)間在很多題目中應(yīng)用一遍并記住其中最主要的元素;(2)熟悉常用是教唆常用的單詞和句型，掌握這些詞匯句型的適用范圍和正確用法;(3)能在所用的視角下找到足夠的細(xì)節(jié)或例子。
第二個(gè)套路：具體化、分情況、分領(lǐng)域直接拆分：
獨(dú)立寫作的題目并無對(duì)錯(cuò)，所以如果硬要直接闡述，很可能會(huì)找不出理由或者理由抽象而牽強(qiáng)，因此對(duì)于無法使用萬能理由的題目，往往需要對(duì)題目?jī)?nèi)容進(jìn)行以下兩種拆分。
(1)具體化題目中的某個(gè)抽象概念從而形成拆分：
People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.
分析：在這個(gè)題目中，“人們不喜歡做的事”是一個(gè)抽象概念，可以細(xì)分為“作業(yè)”、“家務(wù)”、“考試”三個(gè)層面去談。
Progress is always good.
分析：在這道題目中，“進(jìn)步”是一個(gè)抽象概念，可以細(xì)分為“方便食品”、“便捷交通”、“電腦通訊”三個(gè)層面去談。
(2)分情況、分領(lǐng)域討論：
Parents are the best teachers.
分析：在這道題目中，很難直接考慮家長(zhǎng)是不是最好的老師，所以可以換個(gè)思維，考慮“在什么情況下”或者“遇到什么問題時(shí)”，比如“設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)立旅行的安全問題時(shí)”，“當(dāng)社會(huì)進(jìn)步太快，價(jià)值觀出現(xiàn)變化時(shí)”，“當(dāng)家長(zhǎng)在某一領(lǐng)域有一技之長(zhǎng)時(shí)”。
Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good?
分析：在這道題目中，很難直接考慮寵物和人的關(guān)系對(duì)人不好，因此可以換個(gè)思維，考慮“對(duì)于小孩子來講”，“對(duì)于年輕夫婦來講”，“對(duì)于老年人來講”三個(gè)角度。
下一步：寫提綱
寫提綱式為了幫助考生確定并理清自己的思維。除了審題之外，寫提綱還需要為每個(gè)審題層次提供細(xì)節(jié)、例子或解釋，這樣才能在寫中間斷的時(shí)候有話可說，保證充實(shí)具體。以下是一個(gè)較為完整的提綱例子。
95.Goverment spending: Outer space exploration V.S Basic needs on Earth
Opinion: Outer space exploration
1: better ways to produce food and clothing:
{ways to preserve and store food}
{ways to grow vegetables and fruits}
{new types of clothing}
2: important developments in communications technologies:
{Satelite communications} [→TV, telephone, GPS]
3: promote international cooperation
{international space station}
建議練習(xí)：
在題材分類訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)之上：
1、選出20-40個(gè)題目;
2、為這些題目列提綱，要求每個(gè)題目有2-3個(gè)層次;或者雖然只有1個(gè)層次，擔(dān)憂2-3層細(xì)節(jié);
3、每個(gè)層次下面要有足夠的細(xì)節(jié)、例子、解釋。
2、學(xué)會(huì)中間段寫作
中間段的寫作其實(shí)非常簡(jiǎn)單，只需要把提綱中的信息按照順序?qū)懗烧Z句就行了，只是中國考生要學(xué)會(huì)邏輯連接、句式連接并避免抽象地空談。
比如：
A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.
假設(shè)考生寫的第一層是建工廠的好處，第二層是建工廠的壞處(注意這是一道比較/反差類題目)?，F(xiàn)在我們寫第二層：建工廠對(duì)社區(qū)不好，而想寫的是環(huán)境方面的內(nèi)容，提綱可以是：
Harmful: [pollution], not worth it
——Air: acid rain, ozone depletion ,greenhouse
——Water: drinking water
——Trees: floods and droughts
這個(gè)段落可以這樣寫：
Building large factories would be harmful to the community because it will induce environmental pollution. Factories, especially those emoloying toxic chemicals, will definitely destroy the quality of air and water in town. They generate smog and other atmospheric emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and acid rain; they dump industrial waste into rivers which are supposed to be drinking water supply; they accelerate the deforestation which is proven to be responsible for abnormal floods and regional drought. And people's health is at stake. Having a few factories is not worth that risk.
再比如：
It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
假設(shè)考生寫的第一層是關(guān)于藝術(shù)家對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)，第二層寫科學(xué)家對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)，而想寫的內(nèi)容是環(huán)境方面的，提綱可以寫成：
· Scientists: more obvious
——Advancement: Plane, computer, vacuum cleaner
——Make our lives easier, more secure
——Help arts: CD, TV, movie, mp3
這個(gè)段落可以這樣寫：
The contributions scientists make to society are more obvious than those made by artists. Almost all the critical advancements that make our lives easier, such as the plane we take to travel abroad, the computers we use (whether for work or for entertainments), and the home appliances which help us cook our meals and clean our houses, come from the creative ideas and hard work of scientists. Those scientific discoveries and innovations make out work more efficient, our shopping more convenient, and our lives more secure. Plus, to some extent scientists even contribute a lot to the arts——without technological progress, there wouldn’t have been movie centers, television, and mp3 players which infuse art into ordinary people’s lives.
最后還有一例：
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
假設(shè)考生要寫第三層： 聽課使我們學(xué)會(huì)服從，聽課幫我們學(xué)會(huì)合作，聽課讓我們更深刻地理解肯本內(nèi)容?，F(xiàn)在寫第二層：聽課讓我們學(xué)會(huì)合作，提綱如下：
· Cooperation
——Group assignment: impossible for 1 person/ need different perspectives
——Cooperate: budget time, assign tasks, be perfect, express opinions
——Ready for challenges at work
這個(gè)段落就可以這樣寫：
Attending class teaches students how to cooperate with others. Different from students in primary or secondary school, university students are often given group assignments which are technically impossible for one person to finish in time or which have no universal answers and, therefore, need to be contemplated from various perspectives. As a result, boys and girls are forced to learn how to work with others for a common goal——such as how to budget time and assign tasks according to each person’s skills without causing “free-ride”, how to perfect your task without annoying other team mates, and how to express your opinion about other member’s work without triggering frictions or stupid fights. All of the above make college students mature and sensible, ready to meet the challenges they will soon face in the workplace. Therefore, attending classes is necessary for university students.
通過以上三個(gè)例子，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)最重要的是在列提綱的時(shí)候組織事實(shí)，中間段只是用正確的語句和詞匯表達(dá)這些事實(shí)。
建議練習(xí)：
1、選出10個(gè)列過提綱的題目;
2、為這些提綱的每一層設(shè)置2-3層細(xì)節(jié);
3、把這些層次寫成中間段。
3、學(xué)會(huì)開頭短和結(jié)尾段寫作：
一個(gè)飽滿的開頭短包含三個(gè)層次：【話題引入】層次抓住閱卷者的注意力，【主題句】層次清晰地展現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)，【結(jié)構(gòu)暗示】層次提示中間段的層次結(jié)構(gòu)或視角。
話題引入：這一層次有很多種寫法，可以用“故事”開頭，用“名人名言或諺語”引出話題，用“語出驚人”的方式開頭，用“描述現(xiàn)狀”的方式開頭，用“問句”開頭等。
主題句：這一層次的關(guān)鍵是把觀點(diǎn)寫清楚，可以加上“in my view”之類的信號(hào)詞，可以加上針對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的總的抽象理由，可以加上讓步層次。
結(jié)構(gòu)暗示：這一層次用一句話提示中間段將出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)層次，或者分析問題的視角。
請(qǐng)看下面一例中每個(gè)層次可以怎樣完成。
Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specofoc reasons and example to support your answer.
開頭段可以這樣寫：
Progress in technology, as an inevitable fact of life, has changed people's lives dramatically. But is progress always for the best? While one considers the potentially dangerous impact of changes such as industrialization and the advent of nuclear technology, it is clear that progress, while inescapable, is not always for the best.
文章開始("Progress in technology, as an inevitable fact of life, has changed people's lives dramatically. But is progress always for the best?") 用一句話描述關(guān)鍵詞 “Progress”在我們生活中的影響，然后用問句引出話題【話題引入】，之后用“the potentially dangerous impact of changes such as undustrialization and the advent of nuclear technology"提示讀者文章后面將從兩個(gè)角度入手談這個(gè)問題【結(jié)構(gòu)暗示】，最后用"it is clear that progress, while inescapable, is not always for the best"清晰地闡明觀點(diǎn)【主題句】。
請(qǐng)看下面一題：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Playing games teaches us about life.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
開頭段可以這樣寫：
Almost everyone,
from like children to adults, loves games. The types of games may change and get more complex as we grow up, but our enjoyment never changes. I believe that playing games is both fun and useful, because it teaches us the skills we need in life. Games teach us there is a cause-effect relationship, teach us about teamwork, and teach us to follow rules.
文章開始(“Almost everyone，from little children to adults, loves games. The types of games may changes and get more complex as we grow up, but our enjoyment never changes.")用兩句話描述關(guān)鍵詞"game"對(duì)我們生活的影響【話題引入】，然后直接提出觀點(diǎn)和理由【主題句】("I believe that playing games is both fun and useful, because it teaches us the skills we need in life.")，最后用平行對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu)向讀者提示文章后面的三個(gè)層次【結(jié)構(gòu)暗示】("Games teach us there is a cause-effect relationship, teach us about teamwork, and teach us to follow rules.").
結(jié)尾段
當(dāng)開頭短把觀點(diǎn)闡述清楚之后，結(jié)尾段從信息量上講就成為了最不重要的段落，甚至存在沒有結(jié)尾段的滿分文章——言外之意是如果時(shí)間不夠了，應(yīng)該盡可能將中間段寫完整，而不是追求結(jié)尾段的完整性。
時(shí)間不充分的時(shí)候，結(jié)尾只需要在中間段最后加上一句總結(jié)文章的話：時(shí)間充分的時(shí)候，可以寫成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的獨(dú)立的結(jié)尾段，總結(jié)一下觀點(diǎn)，總結(jié)一下論據(jù)(層次)，然后還可以做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的引申(只是不要發(fā)號(hào)召)。
以上就是小編整理的新托福獨(dú)立寫作應(yīng)試技巧解析的內(nèi)容，希望能夠幫到大家！
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