【實例分析】托福綜合寫作備考練習題——恒溫動物恐龍
托福綜合寫作(Integrated Writing)長期以來都是托福考試的難點之一，全面考察考生快速閱讀、聽取關鍵信息和原文復述的能力。由于閱讀和聽力實力較弱導致綜合寫作失分嚴重，想要提升卻不得其法。從傳統備考思路看提升閱讀和聽力固然沒錯，但如何在有限的時間內加強針對性、高效提分才是關鍵。下面就為大家帶來托福綜合寫作的閱讀材料，希望在練習中能不斷提升大家的托福綜合寫作能力。
托福綜合寫作閱讀材料：
Endotherms are animals such as modern birdsand mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humansare endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37℃, no matterwhether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, andmodern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were notendotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, andthere is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
恒溫動物是指諸如現代鳥類和哺乳動物這種可以保持體溫恒定的動物。比如，人是恒溫動物，無論環境溫度是怎樣，體溫都維持在37℃。因為恐龍屬于爬行動物，而現代的爬行動物都不屬于恒溫動物，所以長期以來恐龍都被當做是變溫動物。然而，恐龍在很多地方都同現在的爬行動物不一致。同時，現在有大量的證據表明恐龍其實是恒溫動物。
Polardinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurswere endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions.Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surroundingenvironment could be active in such cold climates.
極地恐龍
主張恐龍屬于恒溫動物的原因是在極地發現了恐龍。只有能夠很好維持體溫的動物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。
Legposition and movement
There is a connection between endothermyand the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allowssustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only ifan animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, asthey are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms areunderneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggeststhat dinosaurs were endotherms.
腿的位置和運動方式
恒溫動物和腿的位置及運動方式有一定聯系。恒溫動物的生理結構允許它們進行持續的物理運動，比如奔跑。但是，只有當腿長在身體的下部而不是兩側的時候才能快速地奔跑，而像鱷魚或者很多蜥蜴的腿，都是長在身體兩側的。所有現代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點。這很有力地說明了恐龍是恒溫動物。
Haversiancanals
There is also a connection betweenendothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually includestructures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vesselsthat allow the living animal to grow quickly; and rapid body growth is in facta characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in boneis astrong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones ofdinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
哈弗森管
恒溫動物和骨結構之間也有相應的關聯。很多恒溫動物都有一種名為哈弗森管的骨結構。這種哈弗森管可以保護神經和血管以保障動物快速地生長，而快速生長恰恰是恒溫動物的一個特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的說明該動物屬于恒溫動物，而恐龍的骨骼化石中常常可以觀察到哈弗森管。
托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 恐龍是恒溫動物
- Sub point 1: 恐龍的化石在極地發現，而極地只有恒溫動物生存，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。
- Sub point 2: 恐龍有跟恒溫動物一樣的腿結構，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。(這個是有邏輯漏洞
的，一會在聽力部分我再解釋)
- Sub point 3: 恐龍跟恒溫動物一樣的哈弗森管，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。
托福綜合寫作閱讀觀點抽出方法：
這篇文章的觀點抽取上難度不是很大，但是問題的關鍵是要看到這個論證的邏輯鏈，而找到的邏輯鏈有助于我們在聽力的時候快速精準地提取有用信息。
分論點一的邏輯是：只有恒溫動物能適應極地的寒冷氣候，而恐龍能適應，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。這個只有讓這個邏輯關系合格，所以只能翻過極地的狀態和恐龍的狀態了，
分論點二的邏輯是：是什么?是“所有現代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點”嗎?不是的，腿長在身體下部是恒溫動物的“必要不充分條件”。段內的邏輯是這樣的：腿長在身體下部à可以快跑à可以持續劇烈運動à是恒溫動物。然后呢?把恐龍帶進去。哪個地方是有可能反駁的呢?聽力部分一定是要打碎這個邏輯鏈。
分論點三的邏輯是：有哈弗森管à可以保護血管和神經à可以快速生長à恒溫動物。而恐龍恰好有恒溫動物。反駁的時候一定也是打碎邏輯鏈啦。
這種科學類的題目，很多都是建立在推測的基礎上的，所以推理論證就是最常用的方式啦。因為，反駁的時候也一定用打碎邏輯鏈的方式。
聽力材料：
Many scientists have problems with thearguments you read in the passage. They don’t think those arguments prove thatdinosaurs were endotherms.
很多科學家對你們剛剛聽到的文章持有不同意見。他么認為這些理由不能支持恐龍是恒溫動物。
Take the polar dinosaur argument. Whendinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have beenfound, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animalsthat were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regionswere cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas orhibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils inPolar Regions doesn’t prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.
先說一下極地恐龍的觀點。當恐龍存在的時候，極地，也就是這些發現化石的地方比現在要暖和很多。而且當極地很冷的幾個月里，這些極地恐龍會遷徙到暖和的地方或者像現在爬行動物一樣選擇冬眠。所以，在極地發現恐龍化石不能證明恐龍是恒溫動物。
Well, what about the fact those dinosaurshave their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles.That doesn’t necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built forrunning. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This bodystructure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurscan grow to a very large size.
Being large had advantages for dinosaurs,so we don’t need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaursevolved to have their legs under their bodies.
那么，恐龍的腿在身體下方而不是兩側是怎么回事呢?這個是不足以證明恐龍是可以進行奔跑類劇烈運動的恒溫動物。腿生長在身體下部對于恐龍是別有的意義的。這樣的結構可以支撐更多的重量。所以腿長在身體下部可以讓恐龍長到非常大。對于恐龍來說，巨大的重量是非常有意義的，所以沒有比用要用恒溫動物和奔跑來解釋為什么恐龍進化出這樣的身體結構的。Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do haveHaversian canals, and that is true.
The dinosaur bones also have growth rings.Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when thedinosaurs weren’t rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaursstopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern ofperiodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth,and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are notendotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round astrue endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.
恩，那么骨結構呢?很多恐龍確實有哈弗森管，這是事實不能否認。但是與此同時，恐龍還有生長環。生長環上比較厚的環節說明當時恐龍生長的緩慢。因此，生長環證明了恐龍在冷的時候生長緩慢甚至停止生長。這是一種周期性生長：一段時間不生長或者生長緩慢，然后接著快速生長。擁有這樣生長方式的動物不是恒溫動物。真正的恒溫動物可以一年四季保持恒定的體溫，因此可以在天氣很冷的情況下快速生長。
托福綜合寫作聽力筆記內容：
Main point：don’t
Sub point one: warmer, migrated,hibernated
Sub point two: doesn’t necessarily, forrunning, more weight, advantages
Sub point three: Haversian canals, growthring, slowly or stop V.S. rapid, periodic
這些詞都聽到了嗎，都記下來了嗎?如果都聽到了，把他們帶回到之前閱讀部分總結的邏輯鏈，就可以告訴ETS是如何反駁的了，這樣就能完成ETS要求的要體現閱讀和聽力部分的關系了。
托福綜合寫作范文(僅供參考)：
下面這篇作文是針對TPO第四套的綜合寫作(關于恐龍是否是恒溫動物)寫的，雖然有一些小錯誤，但ETS評分為滿分。
Sample Response
The professor actually contradicts thestatements made in the passage. She is of the view that dinosaurs are notendotherms i.e. they were not able to keep their body temperature at a constantrate. The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaurs being endothers based onthe availability of fossils being available in thwe polar regions, she say thatthe polar regions in those days were not as cold as they are today i.e at leastwarm enough for dinosaurs to live. During harsh winters she says that there isa possibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating to warmer regions. The issueof leg position and movement being used as a reason to classify the dinosaursas endotherms does not please the professor either. She says that dinosaurs hadlegs under their bodies to support their huge bodies i.e the legs under thebody of the dinosaur were actually to support the huge weight of the dinosaurand not to provide it with a body structure like endotherms(which is actuallysuited for running).
The professor acknowledges the presence ofhaversian canals but also points out that that the fossils show the presence ofgrowth rings. These rings occur due to the thickening of the bone. Thethickening indicates that the dinosaurs were’nt actually growing continuouslybut were experiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth insuccesion. This pattern. she says is characteristic of non-endothermicaanimals.
Thus it can be inferred that the professorchallenges the passage by giving reasons as to why she thinks that the dinosauris not an endotherm.
Description of Response:
Despite initial appearances, this responselargely succeeds in clearly and accurately presenting how the lecture points takeissue with the points in the reading passage that dinosaurs were endotherms.The first point regarding dinosaurs in polar regions could be a bit clearer.Otherwise, the response mainly suffers from typographical errors, but these arenot regarded as major problems; it is obvious that the writer has good controlof structure and vocabulary and the ability to use these to convey in anorganized and logical manner what has been understood and asked.
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