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Digital Diet
A
Telecommuting, Internet shopping and online meetings may save energy as compared with in-person alternatives, but as the digital age moves on, its green reputation is turning a lot browner. E-mailing, number crunching and Web searches in the U S. consumed as much as 61 billion kilowatt-hours last year, or 1.5 percent of the nation's electricity—half of which comes from coal. In 2005 the computers of the world ate up 123 billion kilowatt- hours of energy, a number that will double by 2010 if present trends continue, according to Jonathan Koomey, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National laboratory. As a result, the power bill to run a computer over its lifetime will surpass the cost of buying the machine in the first place giving Internet and computer companies a business reason to cut energy costs, as well as an environmental one.
B
One of the biggest energy sinks comes not from the computers themselves but from the air-conditioning needed to keep them from overheating. For every kilowatt-hour of energy used for computing m a data center, another kilowatt-hour is required to cool the furnacelike racks of servers.
C
For Internet giant Google, this reality has driven efforts such as the installation of a solar array that can provide 30 percent of the peak power needs of its Mountain View, Calif., headquarters as well as increasing purchases of renewable energy. But to deliver Web pages within seconds, the firm must maintain hundreds of thousands of computer servers in cavernous buildings. "It's a good thing to worry about server energy efficiency," remarks Google's green energy czar Bill Weihl. "We are actively working to maximize the efficiency of our data centers, which account for most of the energy Google consumes worldwide " Google will funnel some of its profits into a new effort, dubbed R£<€ (for renewable energy cheaper than coal, as Google translates it) to make sources such as solar-thermal, high-altitude wind and geothermal cheaper than coal " within years, not decades," according to Weihl.
D
In the meantime, the industry as a whole has employed a few tricks to save watts. Efforts include cutting down on the number of transformations the electricity itself must undergo before achieving the correct operating voltage; rearranging the stacks of servers and the mechanics of their cooling; and using software to create multiple "virtual" computers, rather than having to deploy several real ones. Such visualization has allowed computer maker Hewlett-Packard to consolidate 86 data centers spread throughout the world to just three, with three backups, says Pat Tiernan, the firm's vice president of social and environmental responsibility.
E
The industry is also tackling the energy issue at the computer-chip level. With every doubling of processing power in recent years has come a doubling in power consumption. But to save energy, chipmakers such as Intel and AMD have shifted to so-called multicore technology, which packs multiple processors into one circuit rather than separating them. "When we moved to multicore—away from a linear focus on megahertz and gigahertz—and throttled down microprocessors, the energy savings were pretty substantial," says A Hyson Klein, Intel's marketing manager for its Ecotech Initiative. Chipmakers continue to shrink circuits on the nanoscale as well, which "means a chip needs less electricity" to deliver the same performance, she adds.
F
With such chips, more personal computers will meet various efficiency standards, such as Energy Star compliance (which mandates that a desktop consume no more than 65 watts). The federal government, led by agencies such as NASA and the Department of Defense may soon require all their purchases to meet the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool standard. And Google, Intel and others have formed the Climate Savers Computing, Initiative, an effort to cut power consumption from all computers by 50 percent by 2010.
G
Sleep modes and other power management tools built into most operating systems tan offer savings today. Yet about 90 percent of computers do not have such settings enabled, according to Klein. Properly activated, they would prevent a computer from leading to the emission of thousands of kilograms of carbon dioxide from power plants every year. But if powering down or unplugging the computer (the only way it uses zero power) is not an option, then perhaps the most environmentally friendly use of all those wasted computing cycles is in helping to model climate change. The University of Oxford's C11matePrcdictioo.net offers an opportunity to at least predict the consequences of all that coal burning.
H
C02Stats is a free tool that can be embedded into any Web site to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions associated with using it. That estimate is based on an assumption of 300 watts of power consumed by the personal computer, network and server involved— or 16.5 milligrams of C02 emitted every second of use. "The typical carbon footprint is roughly equivalent to 1.5 people breathing," says physicist Alexander Wissner-Gross of Harvard University, who co-created the Web tool.
Question 1-6
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A Jonathan Koomey
B Ally son Klein
C Pat Tiernan
D Bill Weihl
E Alexander Wissner-Gross
1 Figuring ways to optimize the utilization of energy in certain significant departments in the company
2 A revolutionary improvement in a tiny but quite imperative component of the computers
3 Targeting at developing alternative sources within the near future
4 An astounding estimate on the energy to be consumed by computers in a short period based on an unchangeable trend
5 A powerful technique developed for integration of resources
6 A failure for the vast majority of computers to activate the use of some internal tools already available in them
Question 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
7 To chill the sever does not take up considerable amount of energy needed for the computer.
8 It seems that the number of the servers has a severe impact on the speed of the internet connection
9 Several companies from other fields have a joint effort with the internet industry to work on the ways to save energy.
10 Actions taken at a governmental level are to be expected to help with savings in the energy in the near future.
Question 11-13
Summury
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
The…11…h(huán)as also been reached 10 save up energy in every possible way and the philosophy behind it lies in the fact that there is a positive correlation between the ability to process and the need for energy. In this context, some firms have switched to…12…which means several processors are integrated into one single circuit to make significant energy savings. What is more, they go on to…13…on an even more delicate level for the chips to save more energy while staying at the constant level in terms of the performance.
文章題目:Digital Diet
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁
說論文
題目
數(shù)碼節(jié)食
結(jié)構(gòu)
(一句話概括每段大意)
A段:介紹目前計算機(jī)電量消耗情況。
B段:解釋能源消耗的主要來源。
C段:谷歌在解決這個問題所采用的方法以及未來的計劃
D段:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)其他公司也在使用一些方法來節(jié)約電能。
E段:行業(yè)從電腦芯片方面解決消耗問題
F段:使用這種芯片可以滿足提高效率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
G段:目前操作系統(tǒng)都通過睡眠模式和電源管理工具來節(jié)約能源。
H段:CO2Stats介紹
試題分析
Question 1-6
題目類型:LIST OF HEADINGS
題號
定位詞
文中對應(yīng)點
題目解析
1
Optimize the utilization
C段第7行
選項中提到optimize the utilization 優(yōu)化利用率,對應(yīng)文中maximize the efficiency 最大化效率意思一致。因此選擇D
2
Imperative component
E段最后一句話
選項意思為,重要的革新在一個狹小但是又必要的電腦組件上,那么在文中對應(yīng)的內(nèi)容為 a chip needs less electricity but deliver the same performance 一致。因此選B
3
Sources such as,within the near future
C段最后一句話
C段倒數(shù)第二句話提到to make sources such as XX,XX and XX,對應(yīng)題目中的alternative sources,之后Weihl所說的話“within years, not decades.”對應(yīng)句中,within the near future.因此選擇D
4
Unchangeable trend
A段倒數(shù)第五行
文中對應(yīng)內(nèi)容為if present trends continue,表明如果目前的趨勢不變的話會怎么樣,選項中based on an unchangeable trend 表達(dá)意思相同,所以選擇A
5
Integration of resources
D段倒數(shù)第三行
選項中的意思為數(shù)據(jù)整合,對應(yīng)文中將86個數(shù)據(jù)源集中在3個里面,體現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)整合的概念,因此選擇C
6
already
E段第四行
選項中的句子所呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)是一個目前已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)的情況,而對應(yīng)文中位置,將原來的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移到多核節(jié)流處理,來達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的目的已經(jīng)實現(xiàn),事態(tài)保持一致所以選擇B
題號
定位詞
文中對應(yīng)點
題目解析
7
Chill the server
B段最后一行
chill意為冷卻,對應(yīng)文中cool,文中意思為要冷卻架式服務(wù)器需要用一千瓦時的能源,因此是屬于considerable amount of energy范疇,所以原題中的does not為錯誤表達(dá),F(xiàn)ALSE
8
Number of the servers
C段第5行
題目意思為the number of the servers 和 the speed of the internet connection之間有沖突,對應(yīng)文中這部分內(nèi)容,幾秒內(nèi)傳輸網(wǎng)頁和數(shù)百萬的服務(wù)器之間有沖突相一致,TRUE.
9
Several companies
D段第一句
題目的意思是其他領(lǐng)域的公司也參與到這個活動,而原文中提到的是整個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域,所以并沒有提及除互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以外的其他領(lǐng)域是否有參與,NOTGIVEN
10
Governmental level
F段第三行
選項意思為政府層面的活動可以有望在將來達(dá)到節(jié)能目的,文中對應(yīng)意思為may soon require all their purchases to meet the standard。 TRUE
題號
定位詞
文中對應(yīng)點
題目解析
11
Ability to process
E段
確定段落,填空位置在句首講的是整段文章的對象,computer-chip level.
12
Integrated into one single circuit
E段第四行
對應(yīng)文中內(nèi)容為which packs multiple processors into one circuit 符合,前面所提到對象即為so-called multicore technology.
13
performance
E段最后一行
文中最后提到the same performance對應(yīng)題目中的in terms of the performance, 前面提到的對象為continue to shrink circuits, 因此填空應(yīng)填內(nèi)容為shrink circuits.
參考譯文:
數(shù)碼節(jié)食
A
遠(yuǎn)程辦公,網(wǎng)上購物和在線會議和傳統(tǒng)的面對面的方式相比可以節(jié)省能源,但隨著數(shù)字化時代的推進(jìn),其具有環(huán)保節(jié)能的優(yōu)勢受到了影響。去年美國因為發(fā)送電子郵件,進(jìn)行數(shù)字運(yùn)算和網(wǎng)頁搜索這些方面的消耗高達(dá)610億千瓦時,也就是占了全國總耗電量的1.5%,而全國的電力供應(yīng)一般來自煤炭。2005年全世界的計算機(jī)消耗了1230億千瓦時的能量,如果照目前的趨勢繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去,根據(jù)Lawrence Berkeley國家實驗室的科學(xué)家Jonathan Koomey估計,這個數(shù)字在2010年的時候?qū)⒎环R虼耍瑸榱诉\(yùn)行一臺電腦所作出的開支將超過購買這臺電腦的成本——這使得互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電腦公司有理由開展削減能源成本的業(yè)務(wù),以保護(hù)環(huán)境。
B
最大的能源消耗并非來自電腦本身,而是來自防止電腦過熱的空調(diào)。對于一個數(shù)據(jù)中心計算器每小時一千瓦時的能源,同時還需要一千瓦時來冷卻向火爐一樣滾燙的架式服務(wù)器。
C
對于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)巨頭谷歌,上述問題促使其致力于安裝太陽能陣列,用來提供其在加州總部Mountain View公司峰值功率需求的30%,同時增加可再生能源的采購。但是為了使用戶能夠在幾秒鐘內(nèi)打開網(wǎng)頁,谷歌必須維護(hù)在巨大洞穴狀建筑物內(nèi)成上千萬臺的電腦服務(wù)器。谷歌的綠色能源負(fù)責(zé)人Bill Weihl說“考慮服務(wù)器的能源效率是一件好事,我們正在積極努力使我們的數(shù)據(jù)中心的效率最大化,因其占谷歌全球消耗能量很大一部分。”谷歌將通過新的方式盈利,被成為RE
D
與此同時,整個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)都在采用一些方法來節(jié)約電能,這方面的努力包括削減實現(xiàn)店里轉(zhuǎn)換前必須先實現(xiàn)正確的操作電壓:重組成堆的服務(wù)器和其冷卻機(jī)制,以及使用軟件來創(chuàng)建多個“虛擬”的計算器,而不必部署多個實際的計算機(jī)。惠普公司社會與環(huán)境部的副主管Pat Tiernan說道,這種虛擬化技術(shù)是的電腦生產(chǎn)公司惠普將遍布世界各地的86個數(shù)據(jù)中心整合成三個,同時只需要三個備份。
E
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)同時也努力從電腦芯片方面解決能源消耗問題。近年來,隨著電腦處理能力每增加一倍,電力消耗同時增加一輩。但為了節(jié)省能源,芯片制造商如英特爾和AMD都轉(zhuǎn)換到所謂的多核技術(shù),也就是將多個處理器打包成一個電路,而不是把他們分開。英特爾公司的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作倡議的營銷精靈Allyson Klein說“當(dāng)我們從線性兆赫和千兆赫茲轉(zhuǎn)移到多核,然后通過節(jié)流微處理以此節(jié)約下的能量是相當(dāng)客觀的。”芯片制造商繼續(xù)縮減在納米尺度上的電路,Allyson Klein補(bǔ)充道“這意味著在保證相同性能的同時一個芯片所需要的電能變少了”
F
通過使用這種芯片,更多的個人電腦將滿足各種提高效率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如能源之星標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(要求桌面所消耗的電能不超過65瓦)。聯(lián)邦政府可能很快就會要求以美國國家航空航天局和國防部為首的機(jī)構(gòu)在進(jìn)行電腦采購時,要滿足電子產(chǎn)品環(huán)境評估工具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。谷歌,英特爾和其他公司已經(jīng)發(fā)起了“電腦產(chǎn)業(yè)拯救氣候行動”,以努力實現(xiàn)到2010年時將所有計算機(jī)造成的店里消耗消減50%。
G
今天大多數(shù)操作系統(tǒng)都有植入睡眠模式和電源管理工具來節(jié)約能源。然而根據(jù)Klein統(tǒng)計,約90%的計算機(jī)不啟用這些設(shè)置。如果這些設(shè)置都能正確地激活,他們能防止電廠每年因為要供應(yīng)電腦而排放的上千公斤的二氧化碳。但是如果在一些情況下不能關(guān)機(jī)或拔下插座(只有這樣,才會是零功耗)時,那么也許是最環(huán)保的利用這些被浪費的計算機(jī)消耗的方式就是通過計算機(jī)建立氣候變化模型。和牛津大學(xué)的ClimatePrediction.net就提供一個機(jī)會至少用來預(yù)測這些煤炭燃燒導(dǎo)致的結(jié)構(gòu)。
H
CO2Stats是一個免費的工具,可以嵌入到任何網(wǎng)站來計算使用計算機(jī)導(dǎo)致的二氧化碳的排放量。這一估計是基于這樣一個假設(shè):個人電腦,網(wǎng)絡(luò)和服務(wù)器每一秒消耗的300瓦的店里需要16.5毫克CO2排放來產(chǎn)生。哈佛大學(xué)的物理學(xué)家,同時也是CO2Stats這個網(wǎng)頁工具的發(fā)明人之一的Alexander Wissner Gross說“典型的碳排放量是大約相當(dāng)于1.5人呼吸出的含碳量。”
參考答案:
Version 19106 主題 數(shù)碼飲食
1
D
2
B
3
D
4
A
5
C
6
B
7
FALSE
8
TRUE
9
NOT GIVEN
37
TRUE
38
computer-chip level
39
so-called multicore technology
40
shrink circuits
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