GRE寫作Issue部分精品素材分享之理性選擇理論

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理性選擇理論

Rational choice theory, also known as rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. It is the dominant theoretical paradigm in microeconomics. It is also central to modern political science and is used by scholars in other disciplines such as sociology. The “rationality” described by rational choice theory is different from the colloquial and most philosophical uses of rationality. Although models of rational choice are diverse, all assume individuals choose the best action according to stable preference functions and constraints facing them. Most models have additional assumptions. Proponents of rational choice models do not claim that a model?s assumptions are a full description of reality, only that good models can aid reasoning and provide help in formulating falsifiable hypotheses, whether intuitive or not. Successful hypotheses are those that survive empirical tests.

人們為什么遵從社會規范

Since people are social beings, we must exchange with one another. We evolve norms to reduce the risk by making one another?s behavior sufficiently predictable. (We are in a way programmed to know how to act, behave, or respond when interacting with each other). For example:“Hello sir, could you point me in the direction of the men?s room?”

This man asked this question to a complete stranger and he was following his injunctive norms (behaviors which are perceived as being approved of by other people) when asking this question the man also predicted the response he would get. “Oh yes, the bathrooms are in the back left corner.” If these social norms were not pre-programmed in us like they are, this man would have had a very hard time even with something as simple as asking directions.

理想追隨者的8大原則

Stated principles of ideal followership：

1. Demonstrating respect

2. Thinking win/Win

3. Working within the system

4. Acting proactively

5. Appreciating differences

6. Striving toward a common goal (one shared with leaders)

7. Recognizing any authority that leaders may possess

8. Tailoring actions to accord with leaders? ideals

責任承擔

Responsibility assumption is a doctrine in the personal growth field holding that each individual has substantial or total responsibility for the events and circumstances that befall them in their life. While there is little that is notable about the notion that each person has at least some role in shaping their experience, the doctrine of responsibility assumption posits that the individual?s mental contribution to his or her own experience is substantially greater than is normally thought. “I must have wanted this” is the type of catchphrase used by adherents of this doctrine when encountering situations, pleasant or unpleasant, to remind them that their own desires and choices led to the present outcome.

The term responsibility assumption thus has a specialized meaning beyond the general concept of taking responsibility for something, and is not to be confused with the general notion of making an assumption that a concept such as “responsibility” exists.

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