【中國(guó)綠發(fā)會(huì)訊】隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，光污染問(wèn)題日益凸顯，已成為全球不可忽視的污染之一。人工照明不僅對(duì)人類自身健康造成嚴(yán)重危害，更對(duì)生物多樣性和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。

（來(lái)源：NASA）

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/90008/night-light-maps-open-up-new-applications

光污染會(huì)直接干擾自然光-暗循環(huán)，破壞生物體的晝夜節(jié)律光夾帶[1]，造成生物鐘紊亂，導(dǎo)致相關(guān)疾病正在且不斷威脅人類健康[2]。全世界超過(guò)80%的人口受到不同形式的光污染的影響[3]。光污染對(duì)人類健康的潛在影響不僅會(huì)造成睡眠障礙[4]，還會(huì)引起更多疾病，如肥胖[5]~[7]、代謝紊亂[8]、精神障礙[9][10]，甚至癌癥[11]~[14]等。其中，值得注意的是，涉及癌癥的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵過(guò)程都受晝夜節(jié)律的控制[15]?？梢?jiàn)，晝夜節(jié)律與人類的身體健康狀況息息相關(guān)。另外，有研究表明，戶外人造光源中的藍(lán)光光譜暴露與結(jié)直腸癌[16]、前列腺癌和乳腺癌[17]密切相關(guān)，而可見(jiàn)光光譜不太會(huì)增加乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，且與前列腺癌呈負(fù)相關(guān)[17]。

人工照明不僅威脅著人類的健康，還破壞了野生動(dòng)物的棲息地，更對(duì)其生命階段和關(guān)鍵行為活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生不利影響。有研究表明，人工光源會(huì)影響海龜筑巢[18]，改變母龜產(chǎn)卵行為，并會(huì)導(dǎo)致剛孵化的小海龜迷失方向，從而無(wú)法順利返回大海[19]~[21]。昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人工光源是昆蟲(chóng)減少的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素[22][23]。白熾燈泡產(chǎn)生的中等光照水平（8-40勒克斯）會(huì)顯著減少了白蟻產(chǎn)卵的數(shù)量[24]。人工光照還會(huì)破壞蛾的繁殖、幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育和蛹滯育[25]。同樣，光污染也會(huì)擾亂植物的晝夜節(jié)律，影響其發(fā)芽、開(kāi)花、休眠、落葉等生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程，進(jìn)而影響到整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡[26]。植物物種對(duì)人工光污染更敏感，當(dāng)人工照明越亮?xí)r，物候進(jìn)展受到的阻礙越明顯，甚至出現(xiàn)延遲現(xiàn)象，如出葉和開(kāi)花的物候期顯著延遲[27]。

另外，夜晚不必要的照明會(huì)造成能源浪費(fèi)，排放更多的二氧化碳，給生態(tài)環(huán)境造成更大壓力。據(jù)國(guó)際暗夜組織估算，美國(guó)每年至少有30%的戶外照明被浪費(fèi)，大部分是沒(méi)有屏蔽的燈，造成每年2100萬(wàn)t二氧化碳(CO2)的排放量。要抵消這部分的二氧化碳，則需要每年種植8.75億棵樹(shù)[28]。而夜間照明釋放的熱量也會(huì)加劇了城市“熱島效應(yīng)”[29]。

隨著城市化進(jìn)程的加速，智慧城市的持續(xù)推進(jìn)，光污染不斷加劇。因此，我們需要加強(qiáng)治理光污染、守護(hù)好黑暗夜空。那么，在生活中，我們?nèi)绾螠p少光污染呢？

首先，關(guān)閉不必要的照明，縮短戶外照明時(shí)間。根據(jù)最近的流行病學(xué)研究，不僅輻射強(qiáng)度，而且光污染的光譜和時(shí)間，都是影響健康的潛在因素[30]。戶外照明會(huì)影響夜行動(dòng)物的行動(dòng)，比如覓食和遷徙等。

其次，盡量使用暖色光的燈，遠(yuǎn)離藍(lán)光，健康用眼。LED燈由于其節(jié)能性而被廣泛用來(lái)替代傳統(tǒng)的窄光譜照明，如鈉燈（發(fā)出暖色光）。但LED燈通常會(huì)發(fā)出冷色光，而藍(lán)光已經(jīng)被證明可以降低人類褪黑激素的水平[31]。另外，電腦、iPad、手機(jī)和熒光棒等產(chǎn)品也存在藍(lán)光。有研究表明，在常規(guī)電腦屏幕亮度藍(lán)光暴露下，2h即可出現(xiàn)角膜上皮輻射損傷[32]。

再次，建議使用帶有屏蔽罩的戶外照明燈具。不必要的人工照明產(chǎn)生的眩光是一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題[33]。屏蔽罩可以防止光線超過(guò)一定范圍，盡量減少眩光以及對(duì)人類和環(huán)境的有害影響。

最后，在夜晚行車不要濫用遠(yuǎn)光燈。過(guò)于明亮的照明環(huán)境會(huì)對(duì)司機(jī)的視覺(jué)造成不良影響，引起視覺(jué)疲勞，容易引發(fā)交通事故[34]。

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